Hopetoun Falls, Australia 

What are carbon credits?

 

Forests are our greatest natural ally in the fight against climate change, yet in many places they are more valuable dead than alive.

Conservation International is working to flip the script by valuing the carbon that trees remove from the atmosphere and store in their trunks and soils. Through carbon projects, we help to protect the climate by protecting forests — and the people who depend on them. As one solution to the climate crisis, forest-carbon projects are helping humanity bend the climate curve.

 

What is a carbon credit?

A carbon credit represents a reduction of 1 metric ton in greenhouse gas emissions to compensate for 1 metric ton of emissions made somewhere else. A credit can be bought, sold or traded before it is “retired,” meaning it cannot be traded again, assuring that only the buyer can claim emissions cuts associated with that credit.

What carbon credits are not

  • A license to pollute: Carbon credits are a “bridge” for emitters working to reduce their emissions, not a pass for business as usual. In fact, companies that invest in nature-based credits are leaders, not laggards: Three recent studies found that companies that bought voluntary carbon credits did more across the board to cut emissions than companies that did not.
  • A silver bullet: Carbon projects alone will not solve climate change — they are a vital way to flatten the carbon curve while the world transitions away from fossil fuels.
  • Doomed by technical challenges: Carbon projects have been implemented in various forms for more than two decades, passing from the experimental to the commonplace thanks to testing and scientific advancements. Over the past several years, science and technology have advanced to ensure that carbon projects are having their intended benefits.
  • A ‘land grab’: High-quality carbon projects are necessarily built on the free, prior and informed consent of local communities in the project area. These projects do not separate people from their lands, but rather are predicated upon strengthening and upholding their rights to their lands. 

 

What is a ‘carbon project’?

The idea behind a forest carbon project: pay people to not cut down their forests and restore ecosystems through the sale of “carbon credits.” Governments, companies and individuals can buy and trade credits to supplement the cuts made to their emissions, with revenue going to local communities as an incentive to keep forests standing or restore them. The result: Credit buyers compensate for a portion of their carbon footprint, and forests survive to absorb climate-warming carbon from the atmosphere while supporting local communities. Our carbon projects » 

 

What are the benefits of carbon projects?

Wildlife

Forests are home to countless species that exist nowhere else — including many plant species that are critical to medicine, and pollinators crucial for agriculture.

 

Water

Forests are powerhouses of the water cycle, contributing to rainfall, holding and filtering water — and providing flood control — for adjacent communities.

 

Food and jobs

Millions depend directly on the goods and services that forests provide, including those related to clean water, food security and jobs.

 

Sustainable development

Revenue from carbon projects funds social, educational and health programs in forest communities, and support sustainable and economically resilient jobs for millions.

 

Requirements for carbon projects

To be considered high-quality and successful, carbon projects must meet stringent criteria, including: 

  • Additionality: Emissions cuts would not have occurred without the carbon project investment. 
  • Permanence: Emissions reductions or removals represented by a carbon credit must endure for the long term. 
  • Leakage: Deforestation is not simply displaced from one area to another. 
  • Benefit-sharing: Beneficiary communities of carbon projects are equitably compensated.

 

How these requirements are being met

All forest carbon credits traded internationally are guided by United Nations requirements, including:

  • Baseline: A baseline against which deforestation, degradation, conservation and restoration are measured to ensure that emissions are being reduced or removed.
  • Monitoring: A monitoring system to measure forest-cover changes against the baseline to ensure additionality.
  • Safeguards: Adherence to social safeguards to ensure respect for Indigenous rights and the participation of local stakeholders, as well as environmental safeguards to mitigate the risk of forest loss.

 

What is ‘REDD+?’

Some carbon projects are designed under a framework called REDD+ — Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation — a UN-backed policy and incentives framework that enables countries to protect forests to achieve the emissions cuts required by the UN and the Paris Agreement. Read more about REDD+ »

 

Principles for Investments in Natural Climate Solutions

Nature is one of the most effective ways to stop climate breakdown, yet natural climate solutions receive less than 3 percent of all global climate funding. Conservation International’s Principles for Investments in Natural Climate Solutions guide our engagement with companies that are helping to protect ecosystems that store climate-warming carbon and keep it from the atmosphere. Read our six principles »

 

From our blog

In race to reach net zero, businesses look to carbon credits, survey finds

© Pete Oxford/iLCP

Business leaders recognize the urgency of the climate crisis — and are taking action, according to a report released today by Conservation International and We Mean Business Coalition.

The report gathered insights from more than 500 medium to large businesses in the United States, United Kingdom and Europe. Nearly all, 92 percent, said reducing carbon emissions is an “urgent” priority for their organization and 89 percent view carbon credits as a valuable tool to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions that their organizations can’t yet eliminate.  

All respondents said their organizations already have or are working towards science-based climate targets. Their approach is to use carbon credits to complement — not substitute for — long-term decarbonization, including switching to renewable energy, electrifying transport and cutting energy use. 

The survey's findings contradict a common criticism levied against carbon credits: that companies use them as a license to continue business as usual. It shows companies taking a "yes and" approach to decarbonization — investing in carbon credits to drive immediate climate action, while working across the board to cut emissions.

"Climate change is the greatest test of collective action in human history, and a crisis of that scale demands an all-hands-on-deck, all-of-the-above strategy," said Conservation International CEO M. Sanjayan.

"Carbon credits are a proven tool for immediately reducing emissions, while also pursing longer-term decarbonization ambitions," he added. "And though it isn't always reflected in the headlines, this study affirms that private-sector buyers are indeed gravitating toward high-quality credits, placing a premium on transparency and accountability."



The carbon market is booming — and predicted to be worth up to $50 billion by 2030. If done right, its potential to raise funds for conservation could be huge: A recent analysis from We Mean Business Coalition found that if 1,700 of the world’s highest emitting companies compensated for just 10 percent of their emissions through carbon market investments, more than $1 trillion could be mobilized by 2030. 

While companies view carbon credits as a critical component of climate action, they expressed concerns over credible and responsible engagement, according to the survey. More than a third of the companies surveyed are actively investing in the voluntary carbon market — yet they cited concerns over greenwashing, challenges in evaluating the quality of carbon credits and a lack of regulation and transparency as barriers to increasing investments. 

“Companies are taking a very thoughtful approach to carbon markets, it’s not the Wild West out there,” said Luke Pritchard, nature-based solutions manager at We Mean Business. “They want to make sure they are engaging in a credible way and with high integrity.”

Several initiatives have emerged to bring greater transparency to the market and offer guidance for companies seeking to invest. This includes the work of the Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market, the Voluntary Carbon Market Integrity Initiative — and business-facing initiatives such as the Business Alliance to Scale Climate Solutions.

Last month, We Mean Business Coalition, in partnership with Conservation International, published guiding principles to help companies develop a climate transition plan. It includes cutting emissions across their value chains in line with science-based targets; better protecting, managing and restoring nature within companies’ value chains as a part of their emissions targets; and investing in protecting and restoring nature beyond their value chains — including by buying high-quality carbon credits. 

Further reading:

Mary Kate McCoy is a staff writer at Conservation International. Want to read more stories like this? Sign up for email updates. Also, please consider supporting our critical work.